Do Insurance Agents Assist With Mortgage Insurance Requirements?

5 Jan 2026 24 min read No comments Blog

Do Insurance Agents Assist with Mortgage Insurance Requirements?

When you are buying a home, securing mortgage insurance is often a crucial step to protect both yourself and the lender. You might be wondering: do insurance agents assist with mortgage insurance requirements? The answer is a resounding yes. They play an essential role in navigating the often complex world of mortgage insurance, ensuring that you meet all necessary requirements. Understanding what they can offer can significantly ease your home-buying journey.

Insurance agents have extensive knowledge about the different types of mortgage insurance available. This includes both Private Mortgage Insurance (PMI) and government-backed options like FHA mortgage insurance. They can explain in simple terms how each option works and which might be best suited for your financial situation.

Here are some ways insurance agents support you with mortgage insurance requirements:

  • Understanding Regulations: They can break down what is required by state laws and lender policies, ensuring you know what is necessary to get approved for mortgage insurance.
  • Assessment of Needs: Insurance agents help assess your personal financial situation. They will evaluate your credit score, down payment, and income to provide you tailored advice.
  • Comparison Shopping: Just as you would compare home prices, your insurance agent can help you compare different mortgage insurance policies, helping you find the best premium and coverage for your needs.
  • Application Assistance: Completing application forms for mortgage insurance can feel daunting. An insurance agent can guide you through this paperwork, ensuring all information is accurate and submitted on time.
  • Claim Guidance: In the unfortunate event of a default, your insurance agent can assist you with the claims process, ensuring you understand your rights and responsibilities.

One essential factor in choosing mortgage insurance is understanding its cost. Here’s a simple breakdown of potential costs you might encounter:

Type of Insurance Typical Costs
Private Mortgage Insurance (PMI) 0.3% to 1.5% of the loan amount annually, added to monthly mortgage payments
FHA Mortgage Insurance 1.75% upfront premium and 0.45% to 1.05% monthly premium
VA Loan Funding Fee Between 1.4% and 3.6% of the loan amount, depending on service history and down payment

With all these numbers and options, working with an insurance agent becomes even more valuable. They not only help clarify the costs associated with each type of mortgage insurance but can also identify savings opportunities that you might not readily see. For instance, if you plan to stay in your home long-term, selecting a policy with a lower monthly premium could save you considerable money over time.

The questions you should ask your insurance agent include:

  • What types of mortgage insurance do you recommend based on my financial situation?
  • Can you help me understand the cost breakdowns for each option?
  • How can I minimize my premium costs while still meeting lender requirements?
  • Are there any additional coverages you suggest for my situation?

In addition, it’s essential to do your part by being prepared with necessary documents. This includes your credit report, proof of income, and information about your assets. Having these in hand allows your insurance agent to provide you with more accurate advice tailored to your needs.

An insurance agent can significantly simplify the process of securing mortgage insurance. From assessing your financial situation to assisting with paperwork and comparisons, their expertise is invaluable. By working together, you can ensure that you not only meet all mortgage insurance requirements but also make informed decisions about your financial future.

For more information on mortgage insurance and the roles of insurance agents, you can check out National Association of Health Underwriters and Mortgage Bankers Association.

Understanding the Basics of Mortgage Insurance

Mortgage insurance is a crucial component for many homebuyers, especially those who are unable to make a large down payment on a property. It protects lenders against the risk of default by the borrower. Understanding the basics of mortgage insurance can help you make informed decisions when pursuing a home loan.

What is Mortgage Insurance?

Mortgage insurance, often referred to as private mortgage insurance (PMI) or mortgage insurance premium (MIP), is typically required by lenders when the homebuyer puts down less than 20% of the home’s purchase price. This insurance safeguards the lender by covering part of the loan amount in case the borrower fails to make payments.

Types of Mortgage Insurance

  • Private Mortgage Insurance (PMI): Usually applicable for conventional loans, PMI protects lenders in case of default. The cost varies based on loan amount and down payment.
  • Mortgage Insurance Premium (MIP): Required for loans backed by the Federal Housing Administration (FHA). MIP is usually more costly than PMI and may be required for the life of the loan.
  • Veterans Affairs Mortgage Insurance: Available to eligible veterans and service members, this type of insurance typically does not require a premium and is limited to a funding fee.

Why is Mortgage Insurance Necessary?

Mortgage insurance is essential because it allows lenders to offer lower down payment options without increasing their risk. By having mortgage insurance, you can buy a home with a smaller initial investment, which can be a significant advantage for first-time homebuyers or those with limited savings.

How Much Does Mortgage Insurance Cost?

The cost of mortgage insurance varies significantly depending on several factors including the type of loan, the size of the down payment, and the borrower’s credit profile. On average, PMI rates can range from 0.3% to 1.5% of the original loan amount per year. For example:

Loan Amount PMI Rate Annual PMI Cost
$200,000 1.0% $2,000
$300,000 0.5% $1,500

It’s important to note that these costs can be paid upfront at closing or added to your monthly mortgage payment, making it essential to factor them into your budget.

How Long Do You Pay For Mortgage Insurance?

The duration of mortgage insurance payments depends on the type of insurance and the specifics of your loan. For PMI on conventional loans, you may request cancellation once your loan-to-value (LTV) ratio reaches 80%. In contrast, MIP can be required for the life of an FHA loan if your down payment is less than 10%.

Choosing the Right Insurance

When looking for mortgage insurance, consider the following factors:

  • Loan Type: Ensure you understand whether PMI, MIP, or another type applies to your situation.
  • Cost Comparison: Shop around to get quotes from different lenders to find the best rates.
  • Coverage Limits: Know what percentage of the mortgage is covered to avoid surprises down the line.

Do Insurance Agents Assist with Mortgage Insurance Requirements?

Yes, insurance agents can play a pivotal role in helping you navigate mortgage insurance requirements. They possess the expertise to explain your options, assist you in understanding the costs involved, and help you choose the right coverage based on your financial situation and future goals. Moreover, they can help clarify when and how you can cancel, ensuring that you won’t pay for extra insurance unnecessarily.

In addition, working with an insurance agent can streamline the process of securing your mortgage insurance, ensuring that all paperwork is appropriately handled, saving you time and potential headaches.

For further reading on mortgage insurance and related information such as policy options and regulations, consider visiting HUD’s Mortgage Insurance page or NerdWallet for insights on PMI.

Understanding mortgage insurance is essential for your journey in homeownership. It can not only make your home purchase more feasible but also provide a safeguard for lenders, ultimately contributing to the overall health of the housing market.

The Role of Insurance Agents in Home Buying

When navigating the complex world of home buying, many steps and decisions come into play. One of the often overlooked, yet crucial, roles in this process is that of the insurance agent. Understanding how insurance agents support home buyers can significantly alleviate the stress involved in acquiring a new property.

First and foremost, insurance agents assist with various types of insurance that protect not just your new home but also your financial investment. Homeowners insurance is essential; it protects against potential damages or losses due to events like natural disasters, theft, or vandalism. Additionally, some mortgage lenders may require specific coverage types, making the agents’ advice invaluable.

Here’s how an insurance agent can assist you during the home buying journey:

  • Assessing Coverage Needs: Every home is unique, just like your needs. An insurance agent will evaluate your specific situation to recommend appropriate coverage levels. They take into account factors such as location, property value, and your personal risk tolerance.
  • Understanding Local Laws: Different states have various regulations regarding home insurance. An experienced agent is familiar with local laws, ensuring you are compliant and adequately protected.
  • Finding Discounts: Insurance agents know where to look for discounts and bundle options that can save you money. They can help you find multi-policy discounts if you need auto and home insurance, for example.
  • Explaining Policy Terms: Insurance jargon can be overwhelming. An agent breaks down complex terms and conditions to make sure you fully understand your policy before you sign anything.
  • Claims Support: If a disaster strikes, your insurance agent will be there to assist you with any claims process. Their expertise can simplify what might otherwise be a stressful experience.

Moreover, in addition to homeowners insurance, insurance agents can provide guidance on other types of insurance that may be beneficial. These include:

  • Mortgage Insurance: If your down payment is less than 20%, lenders often require private mortgage insurance (PMI) to protect their investment. Insurance agents can guide you through what to expect and how to possibly avoid it.
  • Flood Insurance: If your home is in a flood-prone area, standard homeowners insurance won’t cover flood damage. Agents can help you find specialized flood insurance to safeguard your property.
  • Title Insurance: This protects against losses from disputes over property ownership that could arise after the home purchase. An agent can explain the significance of legal protections involved.

To streamline the process, prospective home buyers should consider having pre-approval for mortgage insurance as it can facilitate the purchase process if lenders confirm additional coverage requirements early on. This allows you to focus on finding your ideal home instead of worrying about coverage details at the last minute.

While you may be tempted to skip engaging with an insurance agent, consider the benefits they offer. They can save you money, reduce hassle, and provide peace of mind. Engaging with an insurance agent can lead to better insurance decisions, especially in crucial times when financial implications are at stake.

Type of Insurance Purpose
Homeowners Insurance Protects against loss of or damage to your home and belongings.
Private Mortgage Insurance (PMI) Required by lenders when your down payment is less than 20% of the home’s value.
Flood Insurance Covers damage to your home caused by flooding.
Title Insurance Protects against disputes over ownership and legal claims.

If you’re ready to buy a home, don’t underestimate the value that an insurance agent brings to the table. Their insights and assistance can lead you to better decisions, savings, and security. For more information about insurance in the home buying process, you may visit NAIC or Insurance.com.

Types of Mortgage Insurance and Their Benefits

When you are looking to buy a home, understanding the different types of mortgage insurance can be crucial for your financial well-being. Mortgage insurance is designed to protect lenders in case the borrower defaults on their home loan. This insurance can help you secure a loan with a lower down payment while offering various benefits. Let’s dive into the different types of mortgage insurance and what they mean for you.

Private Mortgage Insurance (PMI)

Private Mortgage Insurance is typically required for conventional loans when the down payment is less than 20%. PMI protects the lender if you can’t make your mortgage payments. Here are some important points about PMI:

  • PMI costs can range from 0.3% to 1.5% of the original loan amount annually.
  • Once you reach 20% equity in your home, you can usually cancel PMI.
  • PMI is often included in your monthly mortgage payment.

Federal Housing Administration (FHA) Mortgage Insurance

If you opt for an FHA loan, which is designed for low to moderate-income borrowers, you will be required to pay mortgage insurance premiums (MIPs). The benefits of FHA mortgage insurance include:

  • Lower down payment requirements, sometimes as low as 3.5%.
  • More flexible credit score requirements.
  • Ability to finance the MIP into your mortgage.

Veterans Affairs (VA) Loan Guarantee

The VA loan program is an excellent benefit for veterans and active-duty military members. While there is no monthly mortgage insurance premium, you will pay a one-time funding fee, which can be financed into the loan. Here are some advantages:

  • No down payment is needed in most cases.
  • Lower interest rates compared to conventional loans.
  • No monthly mortgage insurance premiums.

USDA Rural Development Mortgage Insurance

The USDA loan program aims to help low to moderate-income families purchase homes in rural areas. This program features a unique mortgage insurance structure:

  • An upfront fee of 1% of the loan amount.
  • A monthly fee that is lower than PMI.
  • Flexible credit requirements, making it easier for you to qualify.

Benefits of Mortgage Insurance

Understanding the benefits of mortgage insurance can help you make informed decisions while purchasing a home.

Type of Insurance Key Benefits
PMI Enables lower down payment; helps secure a conventional loan.
FHA MIP Low down payment; flexible qualifying criteria.
VA Loan Guarantee No down payment; no monthly mortgage insurance.
USDA Insurance Accessible financing in rural areas; lower monthly fees.

The type of mortgage insurance you will need largely depends on your financial situation and the loan product you choose. Each type comes with unique benefits that can assist you in becoming a homeowner. For more detailed information on the types of mortgage insurance and how to choose the best fit for your borrowing needs, consider visiting HUD.gov or MBA.org.

Making a well-informed choice about your mortgage insurance can save you money in the long run and streamline the home-buying process. Always consult with your mortgage lender to explore the best options for your specific needs. By understanding your mortgage insurance options, you can take a crucial step towards achieving your homeownership dreams.

How to Choose the Right Insurance Agent for Mortgage Needs

Finding the right insurance agent for your mortgage needs is an essential step in securing your home. An experienced insurance agent can guide you through the complexities of mortgage insurance requirements. When choosing an agent, consider several key factors that will help you ensure that you’re making the best choice.

Understand the Role of an Insurance Agent

An insurance agent specializes in helping clients navigate different types of insurance. Mortgage insurance is typically required when you pay less than 20% of the home’s price upfront. An agent will help you understand these requirements and find policies that fit your circumstances.

Assess Their Experience

Experience matters when selecting an insurance agent. Look for someone who has a strong background specifically in mortgage insurance. They should be familiar with local market trends and mortgage processes. This expertise will ensure that you receive pertinent advice tailored to your situation.

Check Their Credentials

  • Quality Certifications: Confirm that the agent has the necessary certifications and licenses to sell insurance in your state.
  • Professional Associations: Look for membership in professional organizations, such as the Insurance Information Institute.
  • Client References: Ask for references from previous clients to learn about their experiences.

Evaluate Communication Skills

Your insurance agent should communicate clearly and effectively. They need to explain complex concepts like mortgage insurance in an easy-to-understand manner. A good agent will also listen to your needs and preferences, ensuring they recommend policies that suit your lifestyle and budget.

Consider Availability

Accessibility is crucial. An ideal agent is responsive and available when you have questions. Verify the agent’s working hours and consider if they offer flexible communication methods, such as phone calls, emails, or even video consultations.

Look for Local Market Knowledge

An agent with local market knowledge can provide significant advantages. They understand the housing market trends that affect mortgage insurance rates. Ask potential agents about their experience in the local area and how it might influence your insurance needs.

Review Their Range of Services

It’s wise to choose an agent who offers a variety of services. Some agents primarily focus on basic coverage; others may provide a broader range of products, including home, auto, and life insurance. Having a single agent manage multiple policies can streamline your insurance management.

Compare Policy Options

Not every insurance policy is created equal. When meeting with agents, inquire about the different options available for mortgage insurance. Consider every detail, including the premium rates, deductibles, and the extent of the coverage. A good agent will help you analyze these options to find the best fit.

Read Reviews and Ratings

Customer reviews offer insights into an agent’s reliability and effectiveness. Check websites like Yelp or Google Maps to find ratings and reviews from other customers. Look for agents with consistently high ratings and positive feedback.

Trust Your Instincts

Sometimes, your gut feeling can guide you in the right direction. After meeting with potential agents, reflect on how comfortable you felt. If you sensed trust and transparency, that’s often a good sign. On the other hand, if something felt off, it’s best to continue your search.

Consider Recommendations

Ask family and friends for recommendations. Personal experiences often lead to great agents and help you avoid those that might not be a good fit. Additionally, your mortgage lender may have trusted agents they can recommend.

Understand Your Needs

Before starting your search, outline your specific insurance needs. What type of coverage do you need? How much can you afford? Having clear goals will make it easier to communicate with agents and help them provide you with suitable options.

Finding the right insurance agent is instrumental in getting the proper mortgage insurance coverage. Take your time, assess your options, and choose someone who will act in your best interest throughout the whole process.

Common Misconceptions About Mortgage Insurance

When buying a home, you may hear about mortgage insurance, but there are often misconceptions surrounding it. Understanding the facts can save you money and help you make better financial decisions. Let’s clear up some of the common myths people have about mortgage insurance.

Myth 1: Mortgage Insurance is Only for High-Risk Borrowers

Many believe that mortgage insurance is only required for those with poor credit or unstable financial profiles. In reality, mortgage insurance is often required for any borrower who makes a down payment of less than 20%. This insurance protects the lender in case a borrower defaults on their loan, regardless of their credit score. Therefore, even buyers with strong financial backgrounds may need to pay for mortgage insurance if their down payment is below this threshold.

Myth 2: Mortgage Insurance is the Same as Homeowners Insurance

This is a common point of confusion. While both types of insurance are related to homeownership, they serve different purposes. Homeowners insurance protects homeowners against damage to their property and liability for injuries or accidents that occur on their property. On the other hand, mortgage insurance protects the lender if you fail to pay your mortgage. Knowing this distinction can help you plan your finances more effectively while ensuring adequate coverage for your home.

Myth 3: Once You Pay Mortgage Insurance, It’s Forever

Some homeowners think that they must pay mortgage insurance for the life of the loan. However, this isn’t true. You can often request to cancel your mortgage insurance once your home’s equity reaches 20%. Many lenders will automatically terminate the insurance when your equity hits this milestone. Staying informed about your mortgage balance and home value can help you save money in the long run.

Myth 4: Mortgage Insurance is Expensive

The cost of mortgage insurance can vary, and while it can add to your monthly payments, it’s often less expensive than many anticipate. Based on your loan amount and the type of insurance required, you could pay a monthly premium as low as 0.3% to 1.5% of the loan amount. For instance, on a $200,000 loan, this could mean just $60 to $300 in mortgage insurance each month, which is often manageable compared to the overall homebuying costs.

Myth 5: You Only Need Mortgage Insurance if You Have a Conventional Loan

People often think that only conventional loans require mortgage insurance. However, FHA loans, VA loans, and USDA loans might also have their versions of mortgage insurance, albeit under different names. For example, FHA loans have an upfront mortgage insurance premium and an ongoing monthly fee. Understanding the specific requirements of the type of loan you are pursuing can ensure you are prepared financially. For detailed mortgage insurance information related to FHA loans, you can check the [U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development](https://www.hud.gov/program_offices/housing/fhahistory) here.

Myth 6: Mortgage Insurance Covers the Homeowner

Another misconception is that mortgage insurance provides coverage for the homeowner. In truth, it is designed to protect the lender, not the borrower. If you default on your payments, mortgage insurance compensates the lender. Homeowners should have separate life insurance or similar plans to cover mortgage payments in unforeseen circumstances.

Common Questions About Mortgage Insurance

To further clarify mortgage insurance, here are some frequently asked questions:

  • What types of mortgage insurance exist? – There are several types including private mortgage insurance (PMI) for conventional loans, mortgage insurance premiums (MIP) for FHA loans, and VA funding fees for VA loans.
  • Can I avoid paying mortgage insurance? – You can avoid it by making a down payment of 20% or more or by getting a lender-paid mortgage insurance option, often at a higher interest rate.
  • What happens if I stop paying mortgage insurance? – If your loan requires mortgage insurance and you stop paying, you may be at risk of foreclosure as your lender might take action for non-compliance with the loan agreement.

Understanding mortgage insurance can greatly affect your financial planning when buying a home. To learn more about how mortgage insurance may impact your home-buying journey, consider consulting with an experienced mortgage lender or financial advisor.

For more detailed information on mortgage insurance and related topics, visit [NerdWallet](https://www.nerdwallet.com/article/mortgages/mortgage-insurance) here.

Navigating the Mortgage Insurance Application Process

When you’re buying a home, navigating the mortgage insurance application process can feel daunting. Understanding the steps and requirements can help you secure the insurance you need to protect your investment. This guide outlines the key elements you’ll encounter as you apply for mortgage insurance.

What is Mortgage Insurance?

Mortgage insurance is a policy that protects lenders in case a borrower defaults on their loan. Most commonly, it’s required for loans with a down payment of less than 20%. Knowing the specifics of mortgage insurance helps you determine if you’ll need it and how to approach the application process.

Why You May Need Mortgage Insurance

  • Low Down Payment: If your down payment is less than 20%, mortgage insurance may be required.
  • Type of Loan: Different loan types (like FHA or VA loans) often come with their own insurance requirements.
  • Protection for Lenders: It safeguards lenders, making it easier for them to offer loans to buyers who may not have a large down payment.

The Application Process

The mortgage insurance application process involves several essential steps. Understanding each can make the process easier:

  1. Research Different Insurance Options: Familiarize yourself with the various types of mortgage insurance available. Options may include Private Mortgage Insurance (PMI) or government-backed insurance like FHA mortgage insurance.
  2. Gather Necessary Documentation: Ensure you have all required documents ready, such as your credit report, income verification, and identification. Lenders will use this information to assess your risk level and determine insurance requirements.
  3. Submit Application: Reach out to your lender to complete the insurance application. Your lender will guide you through their specific requirements.
  4. Pay Any Required Fees: Be prepared to pay any initial premiums or application fees that your lender requires before processing your mortgage insurance.
  5. Receive Approval: After processing your application, the lender will inform you of the insurance company’s decision.

What Information is Needed?

During the mortgage insurance application process, there are several vital pieces of information you need to provide:

Information Needed Details
Income Documentation Pay stubs, W-2s, and tax returns to verify your income.
Credit Score A good credit score can lower your insurance costs.
Loan Details Information about the loan amount, home value, and down payment.
Employment History Recent employment history may be required to ensure stable income.

Potential Costs

The cost of mortgage insurance can vary based on several factors including your loan type and credit score. Here are common costs you might expect:

  • Monthly Premiums: Typically, mortgage insurance can add between 0.3% to 1.5% of the original loan amount to your monthly mortgage payment.
  • Upfront Premiums: Some mortgage insurance policies require a one-time payment when you close on your home. This can range from 1% to 2% of the loan amount.

Managing Mortgage Insurance Costs

If you find mortgage insurance costs to be overwhelming, there are options to manage them effectively:

  • Shop Around: Different lenders offer varying rates. Don’t hesitate to get quotes from multiple lenders.
  • Consider Higher Down Payments: If possible, making a larger down payment can eliminate the need for mortgage insurance.
  • Refinance: Once you’ve built sufficient equity in your home, you can refinance to remove mortgage insurance.

For detailed guidance and additional resources on navigating the mortgage insurance application process, consider visiting HUD’s website or Fannie Mae’s mortgage insurance page. These resources provide valuable insights and tools to prepare you for home ownership.

Ultimately, securing mortgage insurance doesn’t have to be a cumbersome process. By staying informed and organized, you can streamline your application and focus on achieving your dream of homeownership.

Key Takeaway:

When considering the ins and outs of mortgage insurance, it’s essential to understand the multifaceted role insurance agents play in assisting home buyers with their insurance requirements. The article emphasized several key points that can guide you through the complex world of mortgage insurance.

First, it is crucial to grasp the basics of mortgage insurance. Mortgage insurance is designed to protect lenders from financial loss if a borrower defaults on their loan. This type of insurance is particularly common for buyers who are putting down less than 20% on their home purchase. Understanding the purpose and necessity of this insurance will help you make informed decisions.

The role of insurance agents goes beyond merely selling products; they serve as valuable resources during the home buying journey. These professionals can help you navigate various types of mortgage insurance, including private mortgage insurance (PMI) and government-backed options like FHA and VA loans. Each type has its benefits and requirements, and an agent can clarify which choice best fits your financial situation.

Choosing the right insurance agent is another cornerstone of effectively managing mortgage insurance requirements. Look for agents with experience in mortgage products and a good reputation. A knowledgeable agent can offer insights tailored to your unique needs, making the often confusing application process more manageable.

Additionally, the article addressed common misconceptions about mortgage insurance. Many people believe it is unnecessary or that it is merely an added expense. However, understanding its role can reveal that it may actually facilitate your homeownership dreams, making it more attainable even with a smaller down payment.

Navigating the mortgage insurance application process may seem daunting, but with the help of a skilled insurance agent, you can approach it with confidence. They can guide you through each step, ensuring you meet all requirements and deadlines to secure your mortgage insurance effectively.

Engaging with a qualified insurance agent is pivotal in understanding and managing mortgage insurance requirements. They are instrumental in simplifying the complex processes involved, debunking myths surrounding mortgage insurance, and ultimately, aiding you in achieving your homeownership goals.

Conclusion

Navigating the world of mortgage insurance can be a complex journey, but understanding it doesn’t have to be daunting. Insurance agents play a crucial role in guiding you through mortgage insurance requirements. They offer valuable insights, ensuring you comprehend the basics of mortgage insurance and the various types available. Knowing these details empowers you to make informed decisions during the home buying process.

As you explore the benefits of different mortgage insurance types, having a knowledgeable insurance agent by your side can simplify your choices. They bring expertise that helps demystify common misconceptions, clearing up any confusion you might encounter along the way. Selecting the right insurance agent is essential; look for someone who understands your specific needs and can navigate the nuances of the mortgage insurance application process with ease.

The support provided by insurance agents enhances your home-buying experience, making it smoother and less stressful. Leveraging their guidance can significantly impact not just your immediate situation but also your long-term financial wellness. A good insurance agent will help you find the best coverage options and ensure compliance with all requirements, ultimately leading to a more secure investment in your home. By building a solid relationship with your insurance agent, you’ll not only ease your way through the mortgage insurance landscape, but also gain a trusted advisor for future insurance needs.

Disclaimer:

This website’s content and articles are provided for general informational purposes only and should not be relied upon as professional advice; please consult a qualified professional for guidance specific to your circumstances

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